Regulatory Framework

The Export Administration Regulations (EAR) are U.S. federal rules that control the export, re‑export, and transfer of certain technologies, software, equipment, and information for national security and foreign policy reasons. In an academic setting, the EAR may apply to research activities involving controlled technology, international collaborations, shipments, or access by foreign nationals outside the scope of fundamental research.

The International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) are U.S. federal rules that control the manufacture, use, export, and disclosure of defense articles, defense services, and related technical data that are inherently military in nature. In a university setting, ITAR may apply to research, equipment, software, or technical information listed on the U.S. Munitions Import List (USML) and generally does not qualify for the Fundamental Research Exclusion, particularly when access by foreign nationals or publication is restricted.